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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=97 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm1=[Electron capture | de1=- | pn1=97 | ps1=[technetium | dm2=[gamma ray | de2=0.215, 0.324 | pn2= | ps2=---> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=103 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E6 s | dm1=[beta minus decay | de1=0.226 | pn1=103 | ps1=[rhodium | dm2=[gamma ray | de2=0.497 | pn2= | ps2=---> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=106 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E7 s | dm=[beta minus decay | de=0.039 | pn=106 | ps=[rhodium -->

Ruthenium (International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. A rare transition metal of the platinum group of the periodic table, ruthenium is found associated with platinum ores and used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys.

Notable characteristics A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal temperatures, but does oxidation explosively. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium.

This metal can be plated either through electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy has been found to be superconductivity at 10.6 Kelvin. The oxidation states of ruthenium range from +1 to +8, and -2 is known, though oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4 are most common.

Applications Due to its highly effective ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in Pt and Pd alloys to make severe wear-resistant Switch#Contacts. It is sometimes alloyed with gold in jewelry.

0.1% ruthenium is added to titanium to improve its corrosion resistance a hundredfold.

Ruthenium will also be used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal superalloys, with applications including the turbine blades in jet engines.

Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. From 1944 onward, the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was outfitted with the "RU" nib, a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2% ruthenium, and 3.8% iridium.

Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst: hydrogen sulfide can be split by light by using an aqueous suspension of cadmiumsulfur particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. This may be useful in the removal of hydrogen2S from oil refinery and from other industrial processes.

Ruthenium is a component of mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for chemical processes such as generating chlorine from saltwater.

Organometallic ruthenium carbene and allenylidene complexes have recently been found as highly efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis with important applications in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.

Some ruthenium complexes Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched in various, potential, solar energy technologies.

The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, which has led to their use as optode sensors for oxygen.

Ruthenium red, 6+, is a biological stain used to visualize polyanionic areas of membranes.

Ruthenium-centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties. Ruthenium, unlike traditional platinum complexes, show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors. NAMI-A and KP1019 are two drugs undergoing clinical evaluation against metastatic tumors and colon cancers.

In 1990, IBM scientists discovered that a thin layer of ruthenium atoms created a strong anti-parallel coupling between adjacent ferromagnetic layers, stronger than any other nonmagnetic spacer-layer element. Such a ruthenium layer was used in the first Giant magnetoresistance read element for hard disk drives. In 2001, IBM announced a three-atom-thick layer of the element ruthenium, informally referred to as pixie dust, which would allow a quadrupling of the data density of current hard disk drive media.Brian Hayes, Terabyte Territory, American Scientist, Vol 90 No 3 (May-June 2002) p. 212

History Ruthenium was discovery of the chemical elements and isolated by Russian scientist Karl Klaus in 1844. Klaus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia.

Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. The men examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium.

The name derives from Ruthenia, the Latin word for Etymology of Rus and derivatives, a historical area which includes present-day Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Russia, Slovakia, and Poland. Karl Klaus named the element in honour of his birthland, as he was born in Tartu, Estonia, which was at the time a part of the Russian Empire.

It is also possible that Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called vestium) from platinum ores in 1807. However his work was never confirmed, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery.

Occurrence Normal mining This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.

Ruthenium is exceedingly rare and is the 74th most abundant metal on earth Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001. Roughly 12MT of Ru is mined each year with world reserves estimated to be 5000mt Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001.

This metal is commercially isolated through a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. The powder is then consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding.

From used nuclear fuels It is also possible to extract ruthenium from used nuclear fuel. Each kilo of fission products of 235U will contain 63.44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The 103Ru and 106Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103Ru of 109 TBq g-1 and 106Ru of 1.52 TBq g-1.



See also :category:Ruthenium minerals.

Compounds Ruthenium Chemical compounds are often similar in properties to those of osmium and exhibit at least eight oxidation states, but the +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. Examples are ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru(IV)O2, oxidation state +4), dipotassium ruthenate (K2Ru(VI)O4, +6), potassium perruthenate (KRu(VII)O4, +7) and ruthenium tetroxide (Ru(VIII)O4, +8). Compounds of ruthenium with chlorine are ruthenium(II) chloride (RuCl2) and ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3).

See also :category:Ruthenium compounds.

Isotopes Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven isotopes. The most stable radioisotopes are 106Ru with a half-life of 373.59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 unified atomic mass unit (90Ru) to 114.928 u (115Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes except 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary mode after is rhodium.

Organometallic chemistry It is quite easy to form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, as these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium compounds. Recently, Professor Anthony Hill and his co-workers have been making compounds of ruthenium in which a boron atom binds to the metal atom - Professor Anthony Hill - Current Research.

The organometallic ruthenium compound that is easiest to make is RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3. This compound has two forms (yellow and pink) that are identical once they are dissolved but different in the solid state.

An organometallic compound similar to ruthenocene, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, is readily synthesized in near quantitative yields and has applications in vapor-phase deposition of metallic ruthenium, as well as in catalysis, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of transportation fuels.

Important catalysts based on ruthenium are Grubbs' catalyst and Roper's complex.

Precautions The compound ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, similar to osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic and may explode. Ruthenium plays no biological role but does strongly stain human skin, may be carcinogenic and bio-accumulates in bone.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Ruthenium

External links

• Nano-layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors
• WebElements.com – Ruthenium

{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=97 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E5 s | dm1=[Electron capture | de1=- | pn1=97 | ps1=[technetium | dm2=[gamma ray | de2=0.215, 0.324 | pn2= | ps2=---> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=103 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E6 s | dm1=[beta minus decay | de1=0.226 | pn1=103 | ps1=[rhodium | dm2=[gamma ray | de2=0.497 | pn2= | ps2=---> {{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=106 | sym=Ru| na=[synthetic radioisotope | hl=[1 E7 s | dm=[beta minus decay | de=0.039 | pn=106 | ps=[rhodium -->

Ruthenium (International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. A rare transition metal of the platinum group of the periodic table, ruthenium is found associated with platinum ores and used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys.

Notable characteristics A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal temperatures, but does oxidation explosively. Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium.

This metal can be plated either through electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy has been found to be superconductivity at 10.6 Kelvin. The oxidation states of ruthenium range from +1 to +8, and -2 is known, though oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4 are most common.

Applications Due to its highly effective ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in Pt and Pd alloys to make severe wear-resistant Switch#Contacts. It is sometimes alloyed with gold in jewelry.

0.1% ruthenium is added to titanium to improve its corrosion resistance a hundredfold.

Ruthenium will also be used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal superalloys, with applications including the turbine blades in jet engines.

Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. From 1944 onward, the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was outfitted with the "RU" nib, a 14K gold nib tipped with 96.2% ruthenium, and 3.8% iridium.

Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst: hydrogen sulfide can be split by light by using an aqueous suspension of cadmiumsulfur particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. This may be useful in the removal of hydrogen2S from oil refinery and from other industrial processes.

Ruthenium is a component of mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for chemical processes such as generating chlorine from saltwater.

Organometallic ruthenium carbene and allenylidene complexes have recently been found as highly efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis with important applications in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry.

Some ruthenium complexes Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched in various, potential, solar energy technologies.

The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, which has led to their use as optode sensors for oxygen.

Ruthenium red, 6+, is a biological stain used to visualize polyanionic areas of membranes.

Ruthenium-centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties. Ruthenium, unlike traditional platinum complexes, show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors. NAMI-A and KP1019 are two drugs undergoing clinical evaluation against metastatic tumors and colon cancers.

In 1990, IBM scientists discovered that a thin layer of ruthenium atoms created a strong anti-parallel coupling between adjacent ferromagnetic layers, stronger than any other nonmagnetic spacer-layer element. Such a ruthenium layer was used in the first Giant magnetoresistance read element for hard disk drives. In 2001, IBM announced a three-atom-thick layer of the element ruthenium, informally referred to as pixie dust, which would allow a quadrupling of the data density of current hard disk drive media.Brian Hayes, Terabyte Territory, American Scientist, Vol 90 No 3 (May-June 2002) p. 212

History Ruthenium was discovery of the chemical elements and isolated by Russian scientist Karl Klaus in 1844. Klaus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia.

Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. The men examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium.

The name derives from Ruthenia, the Latin word for Etymology of Rus and derivatives, a historical area which includes present-day Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Russia, Slovakia, and Poland. Karl Klaus named the element in honour of his birthland, as he was born in Tartu, Estonia, which was at the time a part of the Russian Empire.

It is also possible that Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called vestium) from platinum ores in 1807. However his work was never confirmed, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery.

Occurrence Normal mining This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa.

Ruthenium is exceedingly rare and is the 74th most abundant metal on earth Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001. Roughly 12MT of Ru is mined each year with world reserves estimated to be 5000mt Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001.

This metal is commercially isolated through a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. The powder is then consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding.

From used nuclear fuels It is also possible to extract ruthenium from used nuclear fuel. Each kilo of fission products of 235U will contain 63.44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The 103Ru and 106Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103Ru of 109 TBq g-1 and 106Ru of 1.52 TBq g-1.



See also :category:Ruthenium minerals.

Compounds Ruthenium Chemical compounds are often similar in properties to those of osmium and exhibit at least eight oxidation states, but the +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. Examples are ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru(IV)O2, oxidation state +4), dipotassium ruthenate (K2Ru(VI)O4, +6), potassium perruthenate (KRu(VII)O4, +7) and ruthenium tetroxide (Ru(VIII)O4, +8). Compounds of ruthenium with chlorine are ruthenium(II) chloride (RuCl2) and ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3).

See also :category:Ruthenium compounds.

Isotopes Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven isotopes. The most stable radioisotopes are 106Ru with a half-life of 373.59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru with a half-life of 2.9 days.

Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89.93 unified atomic mass unit (90Ru) to 114.928 u (115Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes except 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary mode after is rhodium.

Organometallic chemistry It is quite easy to form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, as these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium compounds. Recently, Professor Anthony Hill and his co-workers have been making compounds of ruthenium in which a boron atom binds to the metal atom - Professor Anthony Hill - Current Research.

The organometallic ruthenium compound that is easiest to make is RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3. This compound has two forms (yellow and pink) that are identical once they are dissolved but different in the solid state.

An organometallic compound similar to ruthenocene, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, is readily synthesized in near quantitative yields and has applications in vapor-phase deposition of metallic ruthenium, as well as in catalysis, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of transportation fuels.

Important catalysts based on ruthenium are Grubbs' catalyst and Roper's complex.

Precautions The compound ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, similar to osmium tetroxide, is highly toxic and may explode. Ruthenium plays no biological role but does strongly stain human skin, may be carcinogenic and bio-accumulates in bone.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Ruthenium

External links

• Nano-layer of ruthenium stabilizes magnetic sensors
• WebElements.com – Ruthenium

Ruthenium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ruthenium (pronounced /ruːˈθiːniəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. A rare transition metal of the platinum group of the periodic table ...

Definition: ruthenium from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.

ruthenium - definition of ruthenium by the Free Online Dictionary ...
Definition of ruthenium in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of ruthenium. Pronunciation of ruthenium. Translations of ruthenium. ruthenium synonyms, ruthenium antonyms.

WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Ruthenium | Essential ...
This WebElements periodic table page contains Essential information for the element ruthenium ... Brief description: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum ...

Visual Elements - Ruthenium
Discovered : by J.A. Sniadecki in Vilno, Poland in 1808, and then rediscovered by G.W. Osann in Tartu, then part of Russia, in 1828 Origin : The name is derived from 'Ruthenia ...

ruthenium - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about ruthenium
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about ruthenium. ruthenium. Information about ruthenium in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. ruthenium complexes, ruthenium oxide

Ruthenium, Ru - Testbourne Ltd
Testbourne Ltd offer a wide selection of high purity materials, sensor crystals, thin film controllers, electron microsopy (SEM, TEM), and ultra high vacuum (UHV) components ...

Ruthenium
Infomation on Ruthenium general properties, states, energies, appearance and characteristics.

C&EN: IT'S ELEMENTAL: THE PERIODIC TABLE - RUTHENIUM
S ituated in the middle of the second row of the transition-metal series, ruthenium lies at the heart of the periodic table. This central location bestows upon ruthenium properties ...

Ruthenium
History, sources, uses, and properties.